Comparative Toxicity Assessment of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) in Plants and Aquatic Model Organisms

This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) synthesized by biogenic (BS) and chemical (CH) routes. The were characterized X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM-SQUID), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron (SEM). SPIONs was evaluated using Artemia salina as model aquatic organisms Raphanus sativus Lactuca sativa plants their phytotoxicity. results obtained from XRD, XPS, AFM confirmed formation spherical 41.9 ± 1.00 nm (BS route) 19.8 0.47 (CH route). VSM-SQUID demonstrated behavior both nanoparticles, FT-IR provided evidence differences in surface SPIONs, suggesting presence phenolic compounds on BS-SPIONs. For assays with salina, (i) nonsignificant BS-SPIONs mortality rates, (ii) significant (p < 0.05) observed for CH-SPIONs at 300 400 mg L?1. plant assay tests showed improved root elongation seedlings. However, activity seedling range L?1 600 To best our knowledge, this is first report compare chemically biogenically SPIONs. In conclusion, although present similar structures, characteristics magnetic saturation structure are nonidentical, providing biological activity.